JP1000 Lecture 15

Informal negative

[strong verb]       Vst + a + nai/nakatta
                    yom
                    kak
                    wakar
                    hanas
                    kaw
                    yob

[weak verb]         Vst + nai/nakatta
                    tabe
                    i
                    oshie
                    mise

[irreg. verb]
                    aru         -- nai/nakatta
                    kuru        -- ko-nai/nakatta
                    suru        -- shi-nai/nakatta

Comparatives

  1. X wa Y yori (mo) _____ "X is more _____ than Y"

    2. Chuugokugo wa Nihongo yori yasashii.
    Ano hito wa watashi yori Nihongo ga joozu desu.
     
  2. Y yori (mo) X no hoo ga _____  "Than Y, X is more _____ "

    3. Yooku-Daigaku yori Toronto-Daigaku no hoo ga ookii desu.
    Kono eega yori sono eega no hoo ga omoshiroi desu.
     
  3. X to Y (to) de wa X no hoo ga _____ "Between X and Y, X is more _____ "

    4. Sushi to tempura de wa sushi no hoo ga suki desu.
    Kanada to Amerika de wa Kanada no hoo ga ookii desu.
     
  4. X to Y (to) de (wa) dochira (no hoo) ga _____ desu ka. "Between X and Y, which is more _____ ?"

    5. Kono hon to sono hon to de wa dochira no hoo ga omoshiroi desu ka.
    Sono heya to ano heya de wa dochira no hoo ga shizuka desu ka.
     
  5. Y wa X hodo _____ nai "Y is not as _____ as X"       (cf.) Y wa X yori _____ nai

    6. Kyoo wa kinoo hodo samuku arimasen nee.
    Watashi no kukkii wa anata no hodo oishiku arimasen.

Superlatives

  1. X to Y to Z (to/no naka/no uchi) de (wa) X ga ichiban _____ desu. "Among X, Y,and Z, X is the most _____ "

    2. Toyota to Nissan to Honda no naka de wa Toyota ga ichiban ii deshoo.
    Kono kamera no naka de wa Nikon ga ichiban takai desu.
     
  2. X to Y to Z (to/no naka/no uchi) de (wa) dore/dono N ga ichiban _____ desu ka. "Among X, Y, and Z which is the most _____ ?"

    3. Sakana to tori to niku de wa dore ga ichiban suki desu ka.
    Kono naka de wa dono gakusee ga ichiban dekimasu ka.

Interrogative words + (particle) de mo 'any ' 'no matter '

         Nan de mo tabemasu.                    'anything'
         Itsu de mo kite kudasai.               'anytime'
         Doko e de mo ikimasu.                  'anywhere'
         Nan-ji kara de mo kamaimasen.          'any time'

Particle TO

  1. 'with'

    2. Kesa watashi wa tomodachi to daigaku ni kimashita.
    Itsumo ane to issho ni benkyoo-shimasu.
     
  2. certain verbs require TO

    3. Kanada-jin to kekkon-suru.
    Ishikawa san to au. [cf. ni au]
    Chichi to hanasu.
    Kore wa sore to onaji da/chigau.

Manner adverbials

  1. TE-form

    2. isoide kaeru
    hashitte kuru
     
  2. Adjective KU-form

    3. hayaku hanasu
    yasuku kau
     
  3. Noun + NI

    4. joozu ni hanasu
    kiree ni kaku
    issho ni asobu
     
  4. Adverb

    5. soo suru
    yukkuri hanasu
    chanto suwaru

Hoka 'other/another' [cf. betsu 'separate']

  1. hoka no N

    2. Hoka no hi ni kite kudasai.
    Hoka no ginkoo e ikimashoo.
     
  2. N no hoka ni 'other than N'

    3. Anata no hoka ni dare ga ikimasu ka.
    Nihongo no hoka ni keezai mo benkyoo shite imasu.

Physical state

     
     onaka ga suku                 'become hungry'
     onaka ga ippai da/ni naru     'become full'
     nodo ga kawaku                'become thirsty'
     nemuku naru                   'become sleepy'
     tsukareru                     'become tired'
© Norio Ota 2000