JP1000 Lecture 18

Complementizer TO: Quotative "S", that S

      wa {STATEMENT} to iu/kotaeru/kiku/kaku/shiraseru/tsutaeru/omou/shinjiru
  1. Direct vs. Indirect Quotation Quotation marks:          [horizontal]              [vertical]

    2. Mizuta-san wa "Ashita wa kimasen" to iimashita.                     [direct]
    Mizuta-san wa ashita wa konai to iimashita.                             [indirect]
    Tomodachi wa "Hai, wakarimashita" to kotaemashita.              [direct]
    Tomodachi wa wakatta to kotaemashita.                                 [indirect]
    Watashi wa Suzuki-san ni "Itsu kaerimasu ka" to kikimashita.   [direct]
    Watashi wa Suzuki-san ni itsu kaeru ka kikimashita.                 [indirect]
    [N.B.] The distinction between direct and indirect quotations is not very clear-cut in many cases.
  2. Complementizer: that S

    3. (Watashi wa) kyoo ame ga furu to omoimasu.
    Haha wa ani ga kaette kuru to shinjite imasu.
    (Watashi wa) raishuu kara daigaku ga yasumi da to kikimashita.
  3. 'NAME' to iu NOUN

    4. 'Matsui' to iu sensee
    'Kyooto' to iu resutoran
    'Yooku-Daigaku' to iu daigaku
    'Ran' to iu eega
  4. Informal version of the Quotative TO: -tte

    5. Sugu kuru-tte itte-ta wa.
    Nihongo wa muzukashii-tte kiita yo.

Embedded questions

  1. WH-Questions

    2. Otoosan ga itsu kaeru ka wakarimasu ka.
    Kyoo dare ga kuru ka shirimasen.
    Mise de nani o katta ka kikimashita.
    Donna zasshi o yonde iru ka oshiete kudasai.
     
  2. YES-NO questions

    3. Nihon e : iku ka ikanai ka : kiite kudasai.
                 : iku ka doo ka    :
    Kuruma wa : kau ka kawanai ka : mada wakarimasen.
                       : kau ka doo ka       :

Imperatives

  1. Strong Verbs: Vst-e yom-e/kak-e/mat-e/kaer-e/hanas-e/oyog-e
  2. Weak Verbs: Vst-ro tabe-ro/ki-ro/mi-ro/misero/shirase-ro
  3. Irregular Verbs: shi-ro/ko-i/ik-e
        [N.B.] The above informal imperative forms are used sentence-finally only by men.
                   They also appear in quotative embedded sentences.

Command

     [Imperative]   M    Akero./Kae./Mate.
     [TE-form]      F    Kite./Kashite./Wakatte.
     [O+Vn]         F    O-tabe./O-agari./O-nomi.
     [Vn+nasai]     N    Hairi-nasai./Yomi-nasai./Ki-nasai.

Request

     [-te NE]       N    Kashite ne./Matte ne./Mite ne.
     [O+Vn ni natte]F    O-kaki ni natte./O-yasumi ni natte./O-machi ni natte.
     [-te kudasai]  N    Misete kudasai./Keshite kudasai./Hajimete kudasai.
     [O+Vn kudasai] N    O-kaki kudasai./O-tsukai kudasai./O-tori kudasai.
     [O+Vn ni natte kudasai]
                    N    O-yomi ni natte kudasai./O-hanashi ni natte kudasai.
     [kudasai mase] F    Kaite kudasai mase./O-shirase kudasai mase./
                         O-hanashi ni natte kudasai mase.
     [kure masen ka]M    Kite kuremasen ka./Kaite kuremasen ka.
     [kudasaimasen ka]   
                    N    Matte kudasaimasen ka./O-tsukuri kudasaimasen ka.

MADA & MOO

     MADA + NEG:  'not yet'        Kono hon wa mada yonde imasen.
          + AFM:  'still'          Chichi wa mada shinbun o yonde imasu.
     MOO  + NEG:  'not any more'   Nihongo wa moo benkyoo-shimasen.
          + AFM:  'already'        Kanji wa moo oboemashita.

Derivatives of MIRU & KIKU

     mieru:  intransitive   'is visible'
                    Fujisan ga miemasu yo.
                    Hikooki wa miemasen nee.
                    Kondo wa itsu o-mie ni narimasu ka. [honorific]

     kikoeru:intransitive 'is audible'
                    Haha no koe ga kikoeru.
                    Nihon no uta ga kikoeru.

Negative request: -naku

     Doozo     :    o-kamai   :    naku.
               :    go-enryo  :    
               :    go-shinpai:    
               :    o-wasure  :
©Norio Ota 2000