JP1000 Lecture 9

V_n + MASHOO KA?: "Shall I do (for you/us)?"

   Watashi ga ikimashoo ka?  "Shall I go?"
   Ee, itte kudasai/onegaishimasu.
   Iie, kekkoo desu.

   Nan-ji ni kimashoo ka?  "What time shall I come?"
   Hachi-ji-han ni kite kudasai.

Regular honorific: o + V_n + ni narimasu

   Kono shinbun o o-yomi ni narimasu ka?
   Nihongo o o-hanashi ni narimasu ka?
   Nani o o-nomi ni narimasu ka?

Particles: MADE 'until' vs. MADE NI 'by'

   San-ji made hon o yomimashita.
   Go-ji made ni kaerimasu.

KARA/MADE + DESU

   Kurasu wa ku-ji kara desu.
   Ginkoo wa yo-ji-han made desu.

TE-form

Verbs

[3 major groups]

1. Strong (conjugation) verbs / Consonant (stem) ending verbs:
        hanasu/yomu/kaku/ka(w)u/wakaru/magaru/matsu ...
             
             |    a     nai          
             |    i     masu
    kak      |    u
             |    e     ba
             |    o     o

2.  Weak (conjugation) verbs/ Vowel (stem) ending verbs:
         taberu/iru/miru/tomeru/akeru ...
             
             
             |           nai
             |           masu
    tabe     |    ru
             |    re     ba
             |    ro

3.  Irregular (conjugation) verbs: kuru/suru/aru/(iku)

    ko       |           nai          shi      |    nai
    ki       |           masu                  |    masu
    ku       |           ru           su       |    ru
             |    re     ba                    |    re    ba
    ko       |    i                   shi      |    ro

                    polite pres.    plain pres.     TE-form

    Strong verb     kak-i-masu      kak-u           kai-te
    Weak verb       tabe-masu       tabe-ru         tabe-te
    Irregular verb  ki-masu         ku-ru           ki-te

Formation of TE-form

    Strong verbs:

           Vstem                        
                  -k          -ite        kaite    [kaku]
                  -g          -ide        oyoide   [oyogu]

                  -w          -tte        katte    [ka(w)u]
                  -r                      wakatte  [wakaru]
                 
                  -t                      matte    [matsu]{tu=tsu}

                  -m          -nde        yonde    [yomu]
                  -n                      shinde   [shinu]
                 
                 
                  -b                      tonde    [tobu]

                  -s          -shite      oshite   [osu]  {si=shi}


    Weak verbs:            
            Vstem-te           oboete               [oboeru]
                                          ite      [iru]
                                          misete   [miseru]
                                          tomete   [tomeru]

    Irregular verbs:                      kite     [kuru]
                                          shite    [suru]
                                          atte     [aru]
                                          itte     [iku]

Functions of TE-form

1. S1 -te, S2 : 'S1 and S2'

   Daigaku ni itte, benkyoo o shimashita.
   Gohan o tabete, terebi o mimashita.

2. Vte + imasu [iru]:

 A) Durative action verbs: Progressive aspect 'BE ~ING'

   Zasshi o yonde imasu.
   Nihongo o hanashite imasu.

 B) Momentary action verbs: Resultative aspect 'HAVE BEEN --'

   Tomodachi wa moo kite imasu.
   Chichi wa Tookyoo ni itte imasu.

 [N.B.] kite/itte/kaette + imasu: not progressive but resultative
        "He is coming." = Kimasu.

        shiru/shirimasu 'to know'
        affirmative:   shitte imasu   "I know."
        negative   :   shirimasen     "I don't know." (*shitte imasen)

    More examples:

      Ima terebi o mite imasu.
      Tomodachi wa Nihongo de hanashite imasu.
      Doko de hataraite imasu ka?
      Chichi wa chiisai kaisha ni tsutomete imasu.
      Kodomo wa moo kaette imasu.
      Okyaku-san wa mada kite imasen.
      Akanboo wa nete imasu.