JP2000 Lecture 29

Causal connective NODE: TE-form of NO DA/NO DESU

1. Structure:  S1 [cause]  NODE,  S2 [result]

2. Form     :   V/A/(A) N+na NODE

3. Meaning  :   Because/As/Since

4. Usage    :   Affective causal connective {subjective, psychological, 
                situational, indirect, polite}

     (cf.) KARA: objective, logical, direct, neutral reasoning

     Basu ga okureta |node|, osoku narimashita.         {apologetic}
                     |kara|                             {self-righteous}
     Kyoo wa chotto tsugoo ga warui |node|,             {indirect/polite}
                                    |kara|              {direct/less polite}
               	ashita ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka?                                  
     Raishuu shiken ga aru |node|,     			{situational}
                           |kara|			{logical}
		shuumatsu wa benkyoo-shimasu.           
     Haha wa opera ga suki |na node|,       		{psychological}
                           |da kara|                    {neutral}
		hotondo maitsuki mi ni ikimasu.
[N.B.]If the situation requires a positive strong reason, KARA is used.
        Yasui kara, kaimashoo.
        Anata ga konai kara, warui n desu yo.
        Samuku nari-soo da kara, oobaa o kite ittara doo desu ka?

TE-FORM FOR WEAK REASON

     Shigoto ga nakute komarimasu.
     Yuki ga futte michi ga suberi-yasui desu.
     Byooki de nete-imasu.

Adversative Connective NO NI: Nominalizer NO + Adversative NI

1. Structure: S1  NO NI ,  S2

2. Form:    V/A/(A) N+na NO NI

3. Meaning: In spite of the fact that S

4. Usage:   Affective adversative relation {different from expectation, 
	    complaining, regretting, criticizing, accusing}

   Yoku benkyoo-shita no ni, shiken wa dekimasen deshita. {complaining} 
   Hanashite wa ikenai no ni, hanashite shimaimashita.    {regretting]
   Ano hito wa, oshiete ageta no ni, arigatoo mo iimasen. {criticizing}
   Okane ga nai no ni, asonde bakari iru.                 {accusing}

Embedded Questions

1. WH question:

       Tomodachi ga doko ni iru ka shirimasen.
       Hikooki ga nan-ji ni tsuku ka kikimashoo.
       Shiken ga itsu aru ka oshiete kudasai.

2. YES/NO question:

   1)  Simple question 'if'
       Ashita kuru ka kiite mimashoo.
       Sono hito wa Nihon-ma ga aru ka tazunemashita.
       Shigoto o shite-iru ka wakarimasen.

   2)  Alternate question 'whether or (not)'
       Kanji no tesuto ga aru ka  |nai| ka kiite kudasai.
                        	  |doo|
       Yuki ga furu ka |furanai| ka wakarimasen.
                       |doo    |
       Nihon e itta ka |ikanakatta| ka wasuremashita.
                       |doo       |

AS/FOR Noun [status]

1. -TO SHITE (WA/MO) 				       [rather formal]
       Yooku Daigaku wa daigaku to shite wa ookii hoo desu.
       Kanada-taishi to shite Otawa ni ikimashita.
       Gakusee no daihyoo to shite hanashimashita.

2.-NI SHITE (WA/MO)
       Amerika-jin ni shite wa, Nihongo ga joozu desu. [rather rude]
       Okanemochi ni shite wa, zuibun kechi desu nee.
       Basuketto no senshu ni shite mo see ga takai.

3. NI (WA)
       Omiyage ni wa chotto taka-sugiru.
       Hiru-gohan ni wa haya-sugiru.
       Shukudai ni wa naga-sugiru.

4. DE
       Kookan-gakusee de Igirisu ni itta.
       Senkyooshi de Nihon e itta n desu.